INDIAN GEOGRAPHY SPACE RELATIONSHIP- 7th largest country (AREA) Total Area = 32, 87, 263 Sq Km. (i) 3, 214 Km= North to South (ii) 2, 933 Km= West to East-Latitudinal extent 8°4'N to 37°6'N-Longitudinal extent 68°7'E to 97°25'E (For mainland) -Southern most point Indira point or Pygmalion Point (Andaman and Nicobar Island) 64°5'N-Indian Ocean is encircled by 46 countries (27 littoral including Australia, 7 island states and 12 landlocked countries).- Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar separates it from Sri Lanka-Coastline is 6,100 Km (along main land mass) and 7,516 Km
-Border DistancesChina India 4, 225 KmIndia Pakistan 4, 090 KmIndia Bangladesh 3, 910 Km India Myanmar 1, 450 Km Boundary Lines:Durand Line: Pakistan and AfghanistanMac Mohan Line: India and ChinaRadcliff Line: India and PakistanMaginot Line: France and GermanyHindenburg Line: Poland and GermanyOrder Niesse Line: Poland and Germany38th Parallel: North and South Korea 49th Parallel: USA and CanadaMannerheim Line: Finland and Russia
GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION-PreCambrian (600 Million Years ago)Archaean Gneissic and Granites. Igneous Activities, subsequent Metamorphism andfolding of the Arrival.Dharwarian Group (Bijawars)Igneous activities and intrusions.-Cambrian.Calcareous and Arenaceous deposits (Cuddapah and Vindhvanbasins).Gondwana system (carboniferous) permacarboniferous glaciation and extensive glaciofluvial deposition. -MidMesozoic.Fracturing of Gondwanaland, further uplift of Vindhyan sediments formation of western ghats.-Cretaceous.Lava flow and formation of Deccan Trap.-Tertiary.Collision of the Indian plate with Eurasian plate leading to Himalayan orogeny. -Oligocene.Himadri (Greater Himalayas)Rajmahal Garo gap or the Malda gap and upheaval of IndoGanga divide (Potwar Plateau).
INDIAN EARTHQUAKES-The intensity of the earthquake is measured by Modified Mercalli (MM) Scale which is expressed in Roman numerals from I to XII (I Feeble, XII Catastrophic). -Based on intensities of the earthquakes recorded on MM Scale, the Indian Standards Institute has divided India into 5 Seismic Zones: Zone I: Intensity V or below (Feeble)Zone II: Intensity VI (Strong) Zone III: Intensity VII (Very Strong)Zone IV: Intensity VIII (Destructive)Zone V: Intensity IX or above (Catastrophic)- Another popular scale is Richter scale.It has 9 divisions starting from 1 to 9 with feeblest at magnitude of 3.5 and most catastrophic known at a maximum of 8.9.-According to seismological studies, about 2/3 rd of India is earthquake prone.-The whole country is divided into three Seismological Zones:Himalayan Zone. Most prone (J and K, HP, Uttaranchal, Nepal Bihar Border, Bihar, North EasternStates). This zone is seismic due to plate tectonics. Himalayas have not yet attained isostatic equilibrium and are still rising.Indo Gangetic Zone. To the south of the Himalayan zone. Most earthquakes in this zone lie in 6 6.5 on Richter scale. This zone is called the zone of comparative intensity and it is more harmful because of high population density. Peninsular Zone Stable mass. It is the zone of minimum intensity.- Other isolated regions including reservoir induced seismicity e.g. Koyna, Idduki.
-Border DistancesChina India 4, 225 KmIndia Pakistan 4, 090 KmIndia Bangladesh 3, 910 Km India Myanmar 1, 450 Km Boundary Lines:Durand Line: Pakistan and AfghanistanMac Mohan Line: India and ChinaRadcliff Line: India and PakistanMaginot Line: France and GermanyHindenburg Line: Poland and GermanyOrder Niesse Line: Poland and Germany38th Parallel: North and South Korea 49th Parallel: USA and CanadaMannerheim Line: Finland and Russia
GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION-PreCambrian (600 Million Years ago)Archaean Gneissic and Granites. Igneous Activities, subsequent Metamorphism andfolding of the Arrival.Dharwarian Group (Bijawars)Igneous activities and intrusions.-Cambrian.Calcareous and Arenaceous deposits (Cuddapah and Vindhvanbasins).Gondwana system (carboniferous) permacarboniferous glaciation and extensive glaciofluvial deposition. -MidMesozoic.Fracturing of Gondwanaland, further uplift of Vindhyan sediments formation of western ghats.-Cretaceous.Lava flow and formation of Deccan Trap.-Tertiary.Collision of the Indian plate with Eurasian plate leading to Himalayan orogeny. -Oligocene.Himadri (Greater Himalayas)Rajmahal Garo gap or the Malda gap and upheaval of IndoGanga divide (Potwar Plateau).
INDIAN EARTHQUAKES-The intensity of the earthquake is measured by Modified Mercalli (MM) Scale which is expressed in Roman numerals from I to XII (I Feeble, XII Catastrophic). -Based on intensities of the earthquakes recorded on MM Scale, the Indian Standards Institute has divided India into 5 Seismic Zones: Zone I: Intensity V or below (Feeble)Zone II: Intensity VI (Strong) Zone III: Intensity VII (Very Strong)Zone IV: Intensity VIII (Destructive)Zone V: Intensity IX or above (Catastrophic)- Another popular scale is Richter scale.It has 9 divisions starting from 1 to 9 with feeblest at magnitude of 3.5 and most catastrophic known at a maximum of 8.9.-According to seismological studies, about 2/3 rd of India is earthquake prone.-The whole country is divided into three Seismological Zones:Himalayan Zone. Most prone (J and K, HP, Uttaranchal, Nepal Bihar Border, Bihar, North EasternStates). This zone is seismic due to plate tectonics. Himalayas have not yet attained isostatic equilibrium and are still rising.Indo Gangetic Zone. To the south of the Himalayan zone. Most earthquakes in this zone lie in 6 6.5 on Richter scale. This zone is called the zone of comparative intensity and it is more harmful because of high population density. Peninsular Zone Stable mass. It is the zone of minimum intensity.- Other isolated regions including reservoir induced seismicity e.g. Koyna, Idduki.
Read more:http://spipa.blogspot.com/2009/06/geography-of-india.html
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